Holistic perspectives on Parkinson’s disease: a comparative observational study of risk factors
Ivan Uher1, Joanna Jadwiga Cholewa2, David Kaško1, Jarmila Bernasovska3, Wiktoria Balcerzak4, Jarosław Cholewa5
Affiliation and address for correspondenceIntroduction and objective: Although recent findings reveal potential contributing factors to Parkinson’s disease, ongoing research remains essential to further understand and substantiate these connections, identifying lifestyle patterns and biopsychological factors that may contribute to either the onset or prevention of Parkinson’s disease. Materials and methods: This study analyses the interactions among genetics, neuroplasticity, interoception, mindfulness, lifestyle, environment, and Parkinson’s disease, facilitating exploration of the underlying choices that influence disease development. While mediated factors do not directly cause Parkinson’s disease, they affect symptom severity, disease progression, and overall quality of life. With these insights, based on comparative observation and the application of a thought experiment, a Collaborative Impact Model was developed to enhance knowledge of contributing factors to Parkinson’s disease. The study had no human subjects. Results: Observations suggest that genetics and neuroplasticity, significantly shaped by lifestyle, directly influence the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Genetic predispositions and adaptive neuroplasticity determine neural resilience or vulnerability, while environmental factors, interoception, mindfulness, and general lifestyle indirectly influence Parkinson’s disease by modulating stress, inflammation, cognitive health, and emotional regulation, thus affecting overall disease trajectory and symptom severity. Conclusions: The outlined approach captures the complex interplay between genetic factors, neuroplastic adaptation, and external influences, emphasising how lifestyle choices can have both immediate and long-term effects. It facilitates a multidimensional strategy for prevention, management, patient support, and education in Parkinson’s disease.











