Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also referred to as sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica, motor neuron disease, or Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons. It is a terminal condition and the most common form of motor neuron disease. Its global prevalence is estimated as 1.68 per 100,000 persons. Although its exact causes remain unclear, numerous probable risk factors have been identified. This paper aims to expand knowledge about these potentially modifiable factors. The most common theories postulate an association between the disorder and exposure to toxins and alcohol use, smoking, traumatic brain injuries, a history of electric shock, and viral infections (for example, those caused by enteroviruses). Moreover, a lower body mass index is considered a factor worsening the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis due to decreased fat deposits in underweight individuals, which cannot compensate for lower energy intake and higher energy expenditure in individuals with this disorder. Conversely, appropriate control of systolic hypertension, as well as the use of antihypertensive drugs, such as perindopril, may be regarded as protective factors. A better understanding of these factors could help implement more effective preventive measures, which could potentially lower the incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.